Male Expectations Essay - 1247 Words

The Effects of Male Expectations nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Male expectations are ever present in our world creating an adverse effect on men making them feel inferior if they are unable to succeed financially. Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman explicitly shows just how harmful these expectations can be to a person and their families. The main character in the play Death of a Salesman Willy Loman is greatly affected by these male expectations. The man is expected to not only support his family but must also be able to climb to the top of the corporate ladder. Willy’s inability to succeed financially as expected from society in turn affects his two sons Biff and Happy and his loving wife Linda.†¦show more content†¦Even after all Bernard is trying to do for Biff Willy still thinks of Bernard as â€Å"a worm† (Miller 1211) Willy’s wife Linda has always been right by her husbands’ side to support, encourage, and love him. Even when Linda knows that Willy is no longer able to support his family â€Å"he has to go to Charley and borrow fifty dollars a week and pretend to me that it’s his pay† (Miller 1220) she still encourages and believes in him. Linda never confronts Willy about his financial situation or mental state because she does not want to embarrass him. Linda is greatly affected by Willy’s behavior although it is not as obvious as the affects Willy has on Biff. The stress put on Linda is something a person should not have to go through. She has to live with the knowledge that Willy is planning on killing himself and that he lies to her constantly. When Willy feels he is not idolized or respected by his sons any longer Linda is there to pick him right back up â€Å"Few men are idolized by their children the way you are.† (Miller 1209) With everything Linda, Biff and Happy try to do to encourage their father, Willy still eventually comes to the realization that he is a failure. Before this realization strikes Willy he seems to have a high opinion of himself believing that he is extremely successful. The article â€Å"Critical Misconceptions,† by Lee Siegel, goes into detail about Death of a Salesman, â€Å"setting theShow MoreRelatedA Study On Student s Abilities1128 Words   |  5 PagesDesign a Study Teachers who have higher expectations of their student’s abilities will have a higher academic achievement as compared to teachers who have low expectations of their students abilities. In this study, the independent variable is the expectation of the teachers on their student’s abilities, and the dependent variable is the student achievements based upon the teacher expectations. 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In Jamaica Kincaid’s ,†Girl†, Kincaid focussed on her relationship with her mother, mainly on the expectations her motherRead MoreAnalysis Of My Father s Axe 802 Words   |  4 Pagesexplores the universal themes of male identity in the modern age, throughout his short story. He utilises many relatable scenarios throughout his short story which conveys the stereotypical male identity in today’s society. â€Å"Jamie says he doesn’t know where the axe is and I believe him; he won’t chop wood anymore. Elaine hasn’t seen it; it’s men’s business, she says†. The composer is establishing the notion of an axe being a tool which is typically related to the male gender. Tim Winton symbolisesRead MoreMasculinity And Its Impact On Society1317 Words   |  6 Pagesstandardize the ideal male body type, appearance, social norms, stereotypical roles, and emotional reactions. Seeing that physically built or masculine men are increasingly popular and often seen in movies, magazines, tv shows, sports, and other media platforms, â€Å"normal’ guys are discouraged and outcast from society. The ideal male celebrities of today have built their platform on having flawless bodies with women praising them. A popular magazine, Men’s Health, shows the perfect male body type as havingRead MoreOpposite Sex1076 Words   |  5 PagesIn this story, it is about â€Å"a professor who assigned an in class essay on how each would spend a day as a member of his/her respective opposite sex† (Steven 742). When he assigned this essay to the students the females took it immediately, while the male students were dazing around and procrastinating on the subject (Steven 742). Throughout the whole story, as the reader you see it falls down to the category of stereotyping and sexism. It is to fathom the incomprehensible analytical judgment of the

Cases and Commentary on Tort

Question: Discuss about the Cases and Commentary on Tort. Answer: Introduction When one person fails to exercise the necessary care which a reasonable person would take in a similar case, it is the case of negligence. In case such negligence results in an injury or harm to the other person, the other person is eligible to remedies. These remedies are provided under the Tort Law in Australia (Trindade, Cane and Lunney, 2007). In the following segments, the various aspects of negligence applicable on the given case have been discussed. Case In the given case, Rebecca and Michelle drank wine to pass time. Rebecca knew that Michelle was very drunk and still, she accepted a ride home from her. Because of the dangerous driving of Michelle, an accident occurred in which Rebecca sustained serious injuries. Rebecca had asked Michelle to get out of the car twice. But Michelle did not listen to her and continued driving. The main issue in this case is the options available with Rebecca regarding the negligence of Michelle which resulted in serious injuries. As per the Common Law, the driver of a vehicle owes a duty of care to its passengers as well as the various users on the road. The Tort Laws holds a person in negligence when this duty of care is not discharged properly, especially when it results in an injury. However, the Common Law also holds that the aggrieved party owes the duty of care to take care of themselves. In case the plaintiff fails to discharge this duty, they are held liable on the basis of contributory negligence. When the injury is caused by the own fault of the plaintiff and partly because of the fault of the defendant, it is the case of contributory negligence (Magnus, et al., 2004). This concept holds that the injury was caused because the plaintiff did not take the necessary care for their own protection. And for this reason, the plaintiff cannot seek remedies against the defendant (Levinson, 2002). Volenti non fit injuria is one of the concepts where the defendant cannot be held liable for the mistakes of plaintiff. According to this concept, the plaintiff undertakes the risks voluntarily, even when they are aware that such risk may result in an injury. In the case of ICI Ltd v Shatwell [1965] AC 656, the House held that the actions of the plaintiff amounted to volenti non fit injuria (Swarb, 2016). The concept of volenti non fit injuria holds that the plaintiff has to take the responsibility for their action. And where their actions resulted in an injury, they cannot claim negligence under the Tort Law. In the case of Barrett v Ministry of Defence [1995] 3 All ER 86, this concept was affirmed and the defendant was not held liable for the breach of duty of care towards its employees (Pearson, 2016). In the cases of drunk driving, the ability of the driver is impaired due to intoxication and results in accidents. When the plaintiff is also inebriated and accepts a ride from the drunk driver, it results in contributory negligence. Also, the concept of volenti non fit injuria applies on such passenger (Harvey and Marston, 2009). The passenger must take the necessary care for their own wellbeing. Voluntarily accepting lift from an intoxicated person proves that the necessary care was not taken to safeguard their own interests. The defendant also has a duty of care towards their passengers as they are ultimately in charge of the vehicle. Unless a plaintiff is aware about such intoxication, he cannot be held liable for a breach of duty of own care. And in these cases, the defendant is held liable for negligence. So, to establish the fault of defendant, the plaintiff has to show that they had no knowledge about the intoxication. The facts of the present case are identical to the case of Insurance Commissioner V Joyce [1948] HCA 17; (1948) 77 CLR 39 (Shircore, 2007). In this case, the High Court held that the defendant, who was an intoxicated driver, did not breach the duty of care towards his passengers. The judge held that the passenger knew that the driver was inebriated, and yet he voluntarily undertook the services of the driver. So, the passenger here cannot complain about the improper driving as there is no breach of duty in this case. Applying the above concepts and cases to the present case, it can be held that Rebecca would not succeed in her claim of negligence, for loss, against Michelle. Rebecca had voluntarily accepted the services of Michelle for dropping her home. Further, Rebecca was aware that both she and Michelle were drunk as they had consumed the liquor together. In order to successfully claim against Michelle, Rebecca needs to show that she had taken the necessary precautions to safeguard herself. Rebecca had twice asked to get out of the car and she can use this defense against the contributory negligence and volenti non fit injuria. This defense of Rebecca would not succeed. She had failed to take duty of care when she had the opportunity to do so. After watching Michelle driving dangerously she asked to stop her. But it is an established fact that an intoxicated driver is unable to drive properly as the driving gets impaired due to intoxication. So, Rebecca had already failed on the duty of care. Conclusion Based on the above application of the laws and the cases, it can be concluded that Rebecca does not have any remedy available with her on the basis of a claim of negligence, which resulted in a loss. Further, she would be held liable for volenti non fit injuria and contributory negligence. So, it is advised to Rebecca to not sue Michelle, as the Court would hold her equally guilty in the present case. References Shircore, M. (2007) Drinking, Driving And Causing Injury: The Position Of The Passenger Of An Intoxicated Driver. Queensland University of Technology Law and Justice Journal, 7(2). Pearson. (2016) Defences to negligence. [Online] Pearson. Available from: https://catalogue.pearsoned.co.uk/assets/hip/gb/hip_gb_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/Cooke_C09.pdf [Accessed on 15/09/16] Swarb. (2016) Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd V Shatwell; Hl 6 Jul 1964. [Online] Swarb. Available from: https://swarb.co.uk/imperial-chemical-industries-ltd-v-shatwell-hl-6-jul-1964/ [Accessed on 15/09/16] Magnus, U. et al. (2004) Unification of Tort Law: Contributory Negligence. Netherlands: Kluwer Law International. Levinson, J. (2002). Contributory Negligence. UK: EMIS Professional Publishing Harvey, B., and Marston, J. (2009) Cases and Commentary on Tort. 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp 256-259 Singh, S.P. (2010). Law of tort: Including Compensation Under the Consumer Protection Act. 5th ed. New Delhi: universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., pp 32-43 Trindade, F.A., Cane, P., and Lunney, M. (2007). The Law of Torts in Australia. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Healthcare System on Indian Reservations

Executive Summary Indian reservations are designated areas for the Native Americans (Indian American and Alaska Natives). The areas were designated through an executive order after the natives surrendered their lands and this entitled them to free health care service under the Indian Health Care system.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Healthcare System on Indian Reservations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Indian Healthcare System has been facing a major challenge and that is chronic underfunding. This health care system has been underfunded for a long time that even if the government was to increase the budget it cannot adequately address the healthcare needs of the Indian Americans. The chronic underfunding has not only made health care service under this system inaccessible but also inadequate to the natives living on reservations. This is a complete contrast to the federal health care system. Therefore, the U.S government must consider changing the mechanism of funding Indian Health Care System from a discretionary program to mandatory appropriation whose budget is reviewed annually. Introduction Overview American Indian reservations are designated land areas that are under the Native Americans (Castle and Robert 2). There are approximately Indian reservations in the U.S according to the U.S Department of Internal Affairs. This means that not all the 500 plus recognized tribes are under the reservation or share reservations (Frantz, 5). Indian reservations were established in the early 1850s after the passing of the appropriation bill and the executive order which allowed for the creation of reservations for the Native Americans. The reservations were fronted as solutions to the brewing conflict between the natives and the settlers. The former were increasingly encroaching into the native’s territory (Castle and Robert 3). The Indian reservation policy became contentious jus t from the beginning. These reservations were set up through an executive order which forced white settlers to surrender their lands and the natives forced into the reservation areas. The white settlers strongly opposed this policy (Frantz, 7). On the other hand, numerous reports submitted to the U.S federal government revealed massive corruption among those who were in charge of resettling the Native Indians into the reservation areas. In addition, the relocated tribes were living in poor and deplorable conditions compared to the white settlers (Castle and Robert 3).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The reservations led to the increased alienation of Native Americans by the white settlers and other non-natives. The controversies surrounding India reservations have continued up to date and they encompass various aspects including socio-economic, cultural and environmental dimens ions (Frantz, 8). The quality of life within a number of these reservations is similar to developing economies. The infant mortality rate is high, life expectancy is low compared to the rest of the country, nutrition is poor, and the level of poverty is alarming. Some of the Indian reservations, for instance, South Dakota and Shannon County are among the poorest in the U.S (Frantz, 9). Report Purpose According to many studies in the U.S, the highest numbers of the poor are found in the urban slums dominated by African-Americans (also known as ghettos). The second highest numbers are found in the reservation areas predominantly occupied by the Indian Americans or the Native Americans. The infrastructure and social amenities in both the ghetto and reservation areas are arguably poor. In addition, the mortality rate (especially infant mortality) is relatively high coupled with low life expectancy. These are mainly attributed to the healthcare system in these areas. The purpose of this study is to explore the health care system on Indian reservations and compare it with the healthcare system of white Americans. General Status of the Native Americans The Native Americans here are the Indian Americans and Alaska Natives. About 1.5 percent of the total U.S population identifies themselves as having Native American heritage. Currently, most of these people live in urban, suburban or non-reservation countryside areas. Only a third lives in the reservation areas. In the last three decades, most of the American Indians and Alaska Natives have migrated to metropolitan areas. The federal government recognizes about 564 American Indian and Alaska Native tribes. The native tribes have incredible cultural diversity and speak over 200 languages. (Graham 12). Majority of the Indian Americans and Alaska Natives live in poverty. According to the statistics, more than twice as many American Indians and Alaska Natives live in poverty compared to the rest of the American population. In other words, the general level of poverty in the U.S is estimated to be about 12 percent.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Healthcare System on Indian Reservations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, the poor American Indians and Alaska Natives are approximately 26 percent of the total number of Native Americans (Graham 14). The life expectancy of Native Americans is also low. The life expectancy of the American Indian and Alaska Natives are 6 years lower than the average American. The mortality rate among infants is also high compared to the rest of the American population (Singer 5). Indian Health Care System The two main links between the federal government and the Native Indians are the Department of Indian Affairs and the Indian Health Service. The Indian healthcare system is a wide organizational structure that encompasses services that are offered directly by the federal IHS, tribal pro grams, and metropolitan Indian clinics. The Indian Health Care System is normally considered as prepaid because of the land surrendered by the tribes in 800 consented agreements and government executive orders. Therefore, Indians living in reservation areas are not supposed to be charged health care services (Graham 15). The provision of healthcare for Native Americans falls under the federal trust responsibility of the U.S supreme law. The U.S constitution recognizes the government’s obligation to the Indian tribal governments or Indian Americans living on reservations. Given the constitutional recognition of the state obligation to the tribal government, there has been mutual respect between the two governments and they are working together on a culturally sound health care system. However, the major deficiency of this system is the persistent underfunding of the state (Institute of Medicine 4). Unlike other federal health care systems, the Indian Health Care System depends on discretional appropriations from the government budget. The funds are insufficient and can only meet 60 percent of the need. Approximately a quarter of the Indian Health Care System (IHS) clinical service budget originates from the Medicaid, whereas less than one percent of the Medicaid expenditure goes to the IHS (Graham 15). Any individual who is an offspring of a Native American qualifies under this system. Slightly over 1.9 million Native Americans meet these requirements and about 1.65 million are regular users of the Indian Health Care System (US Census 3).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Indian healthcare system is comprised of 50 hospitals, approximately 250 healthcare center, 5 referral hospitals, 300 health stations, and 34 metropolitan clinics, in addition to satellite clinics and community health center (US Census 3). Access to crucial, specialized, and emergency services and long term care are restricted by geographical factors and persistent underfunding. Additional budget cuts may result in further rationing of the healthcare services in these hospitals. Given the fact that Indian Health Care Programs are comparatively ambiguous and are small in size, the consequences of the budget cuts have often gone unnoticed or ignored by the policymakers (Institute of Medicine 9). Even though the federal government has always supported the Indian Healthcare System since the early 1850s, the health status of the Native Americans has continued to worsen compared to Average Americans. This is attributed to chronic underfunding from the federal government, high level of poverty among the Native Americans, high illiteracy level, poor housing, and poor transport system. The most common ailments among the natives are obesity and diabetes. This is shocking since these diseases can be prevented or cured (Graham 17). Indian Health Care System versus the White Health Care System Most of the Non-native whites in the U.S have health insurance cover compared to the Indian Americans and Alaska Natives. According to the U.S. National Institute of Medicine, the uninsured Americans including the Native Americans can only access half of the medical care available to the insured whites. The Indian Health Service is discretional and has a low budget. This means that it is inadequate (rationed) and inaccessible to the majority of Native Americans. On the other hand, the enormous budget is allocated to the white healthcare system because of their contribution. The white healthcare system has adequate facilities and infrastructure. In addition, given the fact that mo st white non-native Americans are medically insured they have full access to health services in these facilities (Institute of Medicine 13). Civil rights activists view the low budgetary allocation and rationed health care services for the Native Americans as blatant discrimination (Institute of Medicine 13). The Civil Rights Commission’s 2004 report compared Indian Health Care System and Health Cares Systems including the Medicare, Medicaid, federal prisoners, and veteran healthcare service among others. The report established the health care system for the Native Americans was far way below the federal medical programs. One of the shocking revelations on that report was the fact that the Indian Healthcare Service per capita appropriation in 2003 was half the amount of the federal per capita allocation of the federal prisoners (Institute of Medicine 6). Another shocking revelation was the fact U.S government had spent billions of dollars to build more health facilities and t o provide health care services in Iraq at the expense of doing the same for the Native Americans. Singer compares the healthcare facilities for American Natives living on reservations to those of third world countries (Singer 3). He adds that the disparity of the Indian Healthcare System and the federal health care system reached a crisis level and the consequences to the American Natives are gross. The shocking disparity is evident in the health of the Native Americans and the White non-natives. The American Indians are 720 percent of succumbing to alcohol-related causes than white Americans. They are also 650 percent and 420 percent more likely to succumb to tuberculosis and diabetes respectively than whites (Singer 9). The Indian American population has a higher probability of contracting dental carries due to inaccessible dental care. In addition, the number of Indian Americans with Dental Caries is three times higher than the whites. This statistic reveals the growing disparity between the White Healthcare system and India Health care system which is basically broken. Therefore, the U.S government faces major and intricate challenges in ensuring a world-class health care system for all (Singer 10). Reasons for the Disparity U.S economists and medical experts argue that the solution to the disparity between the two medical systems goes beyond the budgetary allocation. They stress that there is no quick remedy for this problem since the factors that have caused the disparity are complex and interrelated. Due to poverty, Indian Americans are less probable to have health insurance or a personal doctor, making regular visits less probable. Many of the individuals who don’t have health insurance in the U.S have no choice or power over the kind of medical service they receive. In addition, the poor living conditions facing most Indian Americans do expose them to many health hazards. The current financial crisis facing the U.S and the rest of the world has limited the ability of the federal government to increase to improve its health care system. In addition, the growing population and increased cost of health care is also contributing to a huge gap between the required health care service and the available healthcare service (Devi 11). However, the healthcare budget for the Indian Healthcare System has been growing at a slower rate than other federal healthcare budgets. Even with the Amendment of the Indian Health Care law in 1979, health care service for Indian Americans and Alaska Natives still remains substandard three decades later. Congress has failed to tremendously in enforcing the amendments (Institute of Medicine 12). Human rights activists state that the disparity existing between the Indian Health Care system and the federal healthcare system violates the very American principle of justice and equity. Many Native Americans have lost their lives as a result of the broken health care system that keeps getting worse with ti me (Graham 17). The U.S Congress has become so used to the chronic underfunding of the Indian Healthcare System to an extent that they are failing to recognize the consequences or the tragedy facing the Native Americans as a result of their actions. Some argue that the tragedy caused by these persistent budget cuts has grown so big that they are afraid of tackling them. Nonetheless, the U.S government can afford to renege on its responsibility (Devi 7). Conclusion The Indian Healthcare System was established in the early 1850s to cater for the Native Americans. Most of the Natives Americans live in poor conditions which are comparable to those that exist in developing economies. The Indian Health Care System is free of charge and is as a result of a treaty signed between the Natives and the federal government for surrendering their tribal land. However, the problem with this system is that it has persistently been underfunded by the federal government. The chronic underfunding has l ed to inaccessible and inadequate health care services to the Natives. On the other hand, the Healthcare System for White Americans is the opposite of the Indian Health Care system. They enjoy huge budgetary allocations and provide adequate medical care to all the patients. The disparity between the two systems is evident in the general health status of the Indian Americans and the Alaska Natives compared to the whites. The latter has a low life expectancy and a high mortality rate. Works Cited Castle, George P., and Robert L. Bee. State and Reservation: New Perspectives on Federal Indian Policy. Ed., Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1992. Print. Devi, Sridhar. Inequality in the United States Healthcare System, Oxford; UNDP, 2005. Print. Frantz, Klaus. Indian Reservations in the United States, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. Print. Graham, Katherine. A National Roundtable on the Indian Health System and Medicaid Reforms, Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2005. Print. Institute of Medicine. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care, Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2002. Print. Singer, Michelle J. Health Care Disparities and the Native American Community, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2005. Print. US Census. American Indian, Alaska Native Tables from the Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2004†2005. PDF file. 02 Dec. 2012. www.census.gov/statab/www/sa04aian.pdf . This essay on Healthcare System on Indian Reservations was written and submitted by user Sophie Frye to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Grow Calcium Chloride Crystals

Grow Calcium Chloride Crystals   Its easy to grow calcium chloride crystals. The crystals are thin, six-sided needles that catch the light so that they seem to glow from within. Materials calcium chloride - CaCl2 water - H2O Although you may not know it, you probably have calcium chloride in your home. This salt is used in moisture control products, such as DampRid, and in salt to remove ice from sidewalks. If you use road salt, check the label to make sure its calcium chloride and not another chemical. You can also order calcium chloride online. Grow Crystals The procedure for growing calcium chloride crystals is essential the same as growing table salt crystals or those of any salt.   Heat water to a full rolling boil. The solubility of any salt is highly dependent on temperature.Stir in calcium chloride until it stops dissolving. If you like, you can filter the solution into a new container, discarding any remaining solids.Place the container with the solution in a place where it wont be disturbed. Let the crystals grow. Tips Ordinarily you can remove crystals and preserve them, but calcium chloride is so hygroscopic, taking the crystals out and leaving them in open air will lead to degradation within hours. Its best to appreciate these crystals in their solution.Calcium chloride crystals are naturally colorless. You can try to color the crystals by adding food coloring to the crystal growing solution.One easy way to grow these crystals is simply to leave a container of DampRid hanging in your home or vehicle. Eventually the conditions will become right for crystal formation.

Research for for social work Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

For for social work - Research Paper Example More men than women were assessed in the 40 and below age group. However, women outnumbered the men in number of assessments for those aged 41 and above. Figure 3 reflects the employment status of those assessed and shows that a great number of those assessed were unemployed, and followed by those who were retired. It would seem that the number of assessments was significantly high in people who were not involved in some sort of employment activity. Incidentally, Figure 4 shows that the number of applications for detention under Section 2 and Section 3 of the Act was relatively the same over the years. Furthermore, those applying under Section 4 were comparatively fewer and decreased significantly in 2004. Table 1 shows the living group of men and women assessed and indicates that for both men and women, number of assessment was highest in the group who lived alone and lowest for those who lived with other service users. It is also well worth noting that there were more men who lived with parents or other family members than those with a partner or children. This is the opposite of what we is seen with women wherein a greater proportion lived with a partner or children than with parents or other family members. On the other hand, figures in Table 2 show that a great majority, 39.2%, of those assessed lived in council or housing association property. This figure is twice as large as those who lived in owner-occupied property, 20.4%. In light of the principal psychiatric diagnosis at point of assessment, Table 3 shows that the two most prevailing principal psychiatric diagnosis were schizophrenia and affective psychosis. It is also well worth noting that a significantly large proportion of the cases were not recorded, 14.1%, or not known, 7.5%. This is so because it is quite common that a diagnosis will not have been made at the point of assessment in crisis. Table 4 lists the source of referral for assessment for individuals

Understanding the Annual Report and 10-K Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Understanding the Annual Report and 10-K - Essay Example There are three basic approaches for valuing inventory are; first in - First out, this approach involves basing the cost of goods sold upon the cost of material bought in earlier periods, while the cost of inventory is based on the cost of materials bought later in the year. The second approach is Last in - First out, it determines the Cost of goods based on the cost of materials bought towards the end of the period. However, the inventory is based on the cost of materials bought earlier in the year. Lastly, Weighted average, this bases the cost of goods and the inventory on average cost of all units bought during the period. This is the most used method of inventory by this company. Average inventory=($ 2,803,809 $ 2,751,398 $ 2,413,791)=ï ¼â€ž7968998. So the inventory turnover ratio will be =3.274. From the records it is clearly evident that there has been a gradual increase in the average inventory and the cost of goods simultaneously. Any business firm has two categories of liabilities, current and long-term liabilities. The current liabilities of the BBB Company include Accounts payable Accrued expenses and other current liabilities Merchandise credit and gift card liabilities, and Current income taxes payable. Long term liabilities of the company include deferred rent and Income taxes payable. Stockholders equity is one of the three major sections of a corporations balance sheet. Stockholders equity is the difference between the reported amounts of a corporations assets and liabilities. Stockholders equity is subdivided into components: paid-in capital or contributed capital, retained earnings, and treasury stock,-if any. The paid-in capital component reports the amounts the corporation received when it issued its common and preferred stock. Retained earnings reports the cumulative net income since the start of the corporation minus the dividends declared since the start of the corporation. Treasury stock (cost method) reports the amount paid by the

Introduction, review of accounting process and financial statement Essay Example for Free

Introduction, review of accounting process and financial statement Essay Part 1 General acceptable accounting principle General accounting principles are set of rules generated by accounting board to guide accountant in preparation and reporting of financial statements. General acceptable accounting principles are accounting guidelines (GAAP) used in United States and are issued by financial accounting standard board (FASB). Other countries uses the guideline issued by international accounting standard board (IASB) supplemented by their own local laws. GAAP guide selection of events to be accounted for, the measurement of these events, and the mean of summarizing and communicating them to interested parties. In recording transactions GAAP make use of the following principles a) historical cost principle b) revenue recognition c) marching principle d) full disclosure GAAP facilitate comparability of financial statement for various firms. Information that has been measured and reported in a similar manner for different enterprise is considered comparable. Comparability enables users to identify the real similarities and differences in economic phenomenon. Comparability is achieved when companies use similar accounting procedures (e.g. use of same inventory method, depreciation) to account for similar economic circumstance (Porwal, 2008). Double entry accounting This is the method of recording accounting transaction where every debit entry must be accompanied by a credit entry and vice versa. If this method of accounting is not enforced then the basic accounting equation i.e. ASSETS = LIABILITIES + EQUITY will not balance. Therefore double entry accounting is used to ensure that financial record are complete and thus ensures that final statements give a true and fair view of financial performance at a given date otherwise if an accounting transaction is recorded on one side i.e. a debit or credit the balance sheet will not balance which indicate an error in preparation of financial statement (Fridson Alvarez, 2002). Historical cost Historical cost is the original cost incurred in acquisition of assets. All assets and liability are recorded in financial statement under historical cost principle.   Under this principle the exchange price established or cost incurred at the time a transaction occurs is the basis for initially recording assets and liability. Cost is usually the best estimates of an asset or liability i.e. cost and fair value of an asset are equal at acquisition date. Historical cost principle ensures that there is consistency in recording asset and liability where assets are recorded at historical cost and subsequent loose of value is shown as depreciation and adjusted from historical cost to show the book value of an asset at a given date. Accrual basis vs. cash basis accounting Measurement of revenue can either be through accrual method or cash accounting basis. The two accounting method consists of rules that determines how and when expenses and revenue are reported. With accrual basis of accounting, revenue is recorded in the period in which it is earned and not necessarily when cash is received while expenses are recorded when they have been incurred. This method of accounting is used by all publicly traded company and large businesses. With cash basis of accounting revenue is recognized when cash is received while expenses are recorded when cash is paid (Fridson Alvarez, 2002). The major difference between the two methods is that 1). In using the cash basis of accounting there are no any payables or receivable recorded in the balance sheet while in using the accrual basis both receivables and payables are recognized in the balance sheet. While reporting revenue using accrual basis both collected and uncollected revenue are recorded while for cash basis only the cash amount collected from sales and other activities are recorded. For instance if a customers pay $ 100,000 for goods which he has not yet received by the end of accounting period, using the cash basis this will be shown as revenue in the income statement but while using the accrual basis $100,000 is described as deferred revenue and   will appear in balance sheet as current liability. On the other hand when the firm deliver goods or offers a service but such amount remain outstanding at the end of the period using cash basis such a transaction will not be recorded but while using the accrual basis such amount will be described as accrued  revenue and will be recognized as revenue in the income statement and recorded in balance sheet as current asset (Siegel, 2007). 2) In a cash basis report, only the cash paid to vendors are shown as expenses while in accrual reports both paid and unpaid amount are included as expenses. For instance if a company pay rent amounting to $120,000 for 12 month but by the end of accounting period only rent for six month have been utilized using the accrual method $60,000 will be recorded as rent expense in the income statement while the remaining $ 60,000 are described as prepaid expense and are recorded as current asset in the balance sheet. For cash basis the whole amount of $120,000 will be recorded as rent expense during the current period. In preparation of financial statement the accrual basis of accounting is used where revenue is recorded in the accounting period it is earned irrespective of whether cash is received and associated cost used in generation of this revenue are also recorded in the same period. This is used in order to show the correct profit generated by an enterprise during a certain period. Current assets and liability vs. non-current items Assets include anything of value that is owned or due to the business. Current asset are those that mature in less than one year e.g. inventory, debtors, prepayment and note receivables. Liabilities represent a company’s obligation to creditors. Obligations that have to be paid within one year are called current liabilities. In preparation of financial statement asset are recorded as either current or non-current while liabilities are dividend  into current and non-current liability and companies have to adhere to this rule of financial reporting. Part 2 Bp group BP group present it final statement in term of income statement, balance sheet and cash flow statement. All the statement are presented in vertical format and each item is shown together with the corresponding item in the previous year. The income statement shows the income generated and division of this profit to various stakeholders i.e. among the total profit generated in year 2008 which amounted to $ 35,239 million the providers of finance received $1,547 million, government received $12,617 million and the shareholders received $ 21,666. The group balance sheet is dividend into five categories namely current assets, non-current assets, current liabilities, non-current liabilities and equity. The cash flow statement is dividend into three category i.e. the operating activities the investing activities and the financing activities. It financial statement are prepare in accordance with applicable UK law and international financial reporting standard. Quicksilver Inc The company also presents it final account in term of income statement, balance sheet and cash flow statement. The income statement show the profit generated and distribution to various stakeholders i.e. shareholders, government and minority interest. For each item in year 2008 the corresponding item in year 2007 and 2006 is also shown. The balance sheet is also presented in a vertical format where items are categorized into non-current assets, current assets, current liability, non-current liability and equity.  The cash flow statement is dividend in to operating, investing and financing activities. It financial statement has been prepared in accordance with the general acceptable accounting principles. RTL group It general presentation of financial statement is like in above two companies with the balance sheet dividend in to current asset and liabilities vs. non-current item and equity. The balance sheet and income statement are prepared in vertical format and show corresponding figures of previous year. Cash from operating activities is the best measure of company performance since it indicates whether or not the company will be able to meet it financing and investing need. Even if the company may have generated sufficient profit it may be in financial difficulty and may even be declared bankrupt for failure to meet obligation of creditor. Higher profit may be as a result of a change in accounting policy and not improvement in performance. More detail relating to each companies associate and subsidiaries can be collected from the filing they make in the respective country in which they are incorporated and their final report. Predicting company’s future trend Quick silver The company net income increased by 19% in 2007 compared to 2006. In 2008 the net income increased by 11% and in the year 2009 income is expected to grow by between  5%-8%. The company management also expect a hard time ahead due to current financial crisis which has led to a decline in household income and lower demand. RTL group In year 2008 revenue grew by 0.01% compared to and in year 2009 revenue are expected to decline by 2-5%. The company management and directors expect a drop in revenue in key market due to global economic crisis which has heightened the intensity of competition. Bp group The net revenue in year 2007 grew by 7% compared to 2006. In 2008 income grew by 27%. In 2009 revenue is expected to grow between 30-35%. Despite the harsh economic condition the management expects to increase it revenue earnings through higher fuel price.